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Saturday, July 02, 2016

Lessons From Our Burning Schools



The wave of unrest afflicting secondary schools in Kenya has understandably elicited much public concern. Many have chimed in with their take on what is causing it, with most blaming panic over exams, drug abuse, an oppressive school environment, wayward parenting and incompetent government officials. Some have even suggested that the abolition of corporal punishment is to blame.

Given that this problem is not new, it is rather curious that there seems to be such confusion over its causes. According to a 1996 PhD thesis by Margaret Wangeci Gatimu of Portland University, disruptive unrest in the form of class boycotts and riots in secondary schools had by then been steadily increasing in Kenya since the mid-1970s. The study highlighted many of the same issues that are cited today.

So perhaps it is better to ask not just why unrest happens, but also why the problems said to cause it have been allowed to fester across generations of students. In a media interview earlier this week, the Cabinet Secretary for Education bemoaned the fact that recommendations from at least two task forces appointed by his predecessors as well as from many independent researchers, remain unimplemented.

This failure to effectively address the issue, despite the existence of such reports, is a manifestation of a wider systemic reluctance to employ evidence-based measures to solve problems. And this goes beyond schools. In tackling security and terrorism, Kenya has seemed to prefer knee-jerk solutions to what are complex and historical challenges. The desire has seemed to be to address the immediate crisis and move on rather than to proactively tackle the underlying and fundamental causes.

An example of this is the reaction to last week’s bombing of Elram village in Mandera by Kenya Defence Forces planes which killed at least 4 children. There have been few calls for the incident to be exhaustively investigated, for people to be held to account and, more importantly, for lessons to be learnt to ensure this never happens again. Similarly, the circumstances surrounding the January overrunning of a KDF base by the Al Shabaab group at El Adde in Somalia and consequent massacre of at least 141 soldiers are similarly shrouded in mystery. 

To these we could add the many terrorist incidents that have killed hundreds of citizens since 2012, including the attacks on the Westgate shopping mall and on Garissa University College. The many failures that allowed the atrocities to happen and that hindered effective response, appear to have been swept under the carpet. On the contrary, a Presidential promise to set up a public inquiry into Westgate failed to materialize and, as a senior police officer told The Nation last July, “there was never a review meeting on how we handled incidents”.

Earlier this week, in reaction to a terrorist attack on the Ataturk airport in the Turkish capital, Istanbul, which reportedly killed 41 people and injured more than 230, Inspector General of Police Joseph Boinnet ordered the beefing up of security at all Kenyan airports. But there have been few queries about what this actually means and even fewer indications that Kenyan security agencies are learning from and adapting to previous incidents. We rarely hear of our security agencies sending teams abroad to study how such attacks happened and how they are investigated. Meanwhile, domestic incidents are similarly studiously ignored. For example, reports on the August 2013 fire which razed the arrivals terminal at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, and on the improvised explosive device that went off at the same airport 5 months later, have yet to be made public. It is unclear whether they have led to any changes.

A similar dynamic is at work when it comes to addressing the root causes of post-election violence. Three years after it was handed over to the President, the report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission continues to gather dust in Parliament. The report exposed many of the deep-seated maladies that have fuelled blood-letting at election time but even as we approach another polarizing poll, there is little mention of it, let alone of implementing its recommendations.  The focus of the political class is on the urgent and important but largely superficial task of reconstituting the electoral commission.

This, more than anything, highlights the fact that as a country, we are obsessed with the problems of politicians, and not those of the people. In the end, this obsession is the real reason why the problems at our schools and the state of insecurity across the country will continue to fester once the immediate crisis has passed.

15 comments:

ndemi said...

very educative article

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āđ€āļāļĄāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļ„āļēāļŠิāđ‚āļ™āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āļ—ี่āļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ­āļēāđ„āļ§้āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļ§็āļšāđ„āļ‹āļ•์āļ—ี่āļ„ุāļ“āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļœ่āļēāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢื่āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠ้āđ„āļĄ้āļŠāļ­āļĒāļ—ี่āļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļŠื่āļ­āļĄāļ•่āļ­āļัāļšāļ­ิāļ™āđ€āļ—āļ­āļĢ์āđ€āļ™็āļ•āđ„āļ”้ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›ัāļˆāļˆุāļšัāļ™āļ™ี้āļ™ั้āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœู้āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļ”āļ›ุ่āļĄāļŦāļĄุāļ™āđƒāļŦ้āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āļ™ั้āļ™āļ—āļģāļŦāļĄุāļ™ āđāļĨ้āļ§āļ็āļŦāļĒุāļ”āļ­āļĒู่āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ—ี่āļĢāļ°āļšุāđ€āļžีāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļ—่āļēāļ™ี้āļ„ุāļ“āļ็āđ„āļ”้āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđ„āļ”้āļĢัāļšāđ€āļ‡ิāļ™āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ§ัāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—ัāļ™āļ—ี

• āļĄีāļšāļĢิāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĄāļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļš้āļēāļ‡
āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāđ€āļāļĄāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ™ี้āļ™ั้āļ™āļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢัāļšāļ›āļĢุāļ‡āđāļĨ้āļ§āļ็āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļāļĢāļēāļŸิāļāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļēāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļšāļšāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļ็āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āđƒāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™ี้āļĄีāđ€āļāļĄāļŠ์āđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļĒิ่āļ‡āļāļ§่āļē 100 āđ€āļāļĄāļ™ัāļāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļģāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļ—ี่āļ­āļĒāļēāļāđ„āļ”้āđƒāļ™āļ—ัāļ™āļ—ีāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—ั้āļ‡āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āļĨัāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦ้āļšāļĢิāļāļēāļĢāļ™ั้āļ™āļ็āļĄีāļ™āļēāļ™āļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ āļ”ัāļ‡āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦ้āļšāļĢิāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ• video āļ•้āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļēāļĄāļĄิāļ•ิ āđāļšāļšāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļēāļŠāļŠิāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—ั้āļ‡āļŊāļĨāļŊ āļŊāļĨāļŊ

• āļŦāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚้āļēāļžāļ™ัāļ™
āļŦāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™ี้āđ„āļ”้āļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āđāļĨ้āļ§āļ็āļ›āļĢัāļšāļ›āļĢุāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ•่āļēāļ‡āđ†āđ€āļิāļ”āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļ็āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āļĄีāļ§ิāļ–ีāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļ—ี่āļ‡่āļēāļĒ āđāļĨ้āļ§āļ็āļŠāļšāļēāļĒāļ”ัāļ‡āđ€āļŠ่āļ™āļ§่āļēāļ§ิāļ–ีāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ§็āļšāđ„āļ‹āļ•์āļŦāļĨัāļāđ€āļ§็āļšāđ„āļ‹āļ•์āļŠāļģāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđāļ­āļžāļžāļĨิāđ€āļ„āļŠั่āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ็āļŊāļĨāļŊ

āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”้āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļāļĄāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์ Pgslot āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļŠ่āļ™āđ„āļĢ
āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ§ิāļ˜ีāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”้āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļāļĄ Pgslot āļ™ั้āļ™āļĄีāđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļĨ้āļ§āļĒāđ†āļ‹ึ่āļ‡āđ€āļ”ี๋āļĒāļ§āļ™ี้āļ™ัāļāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļ—ี่āļšāļĢāļĢāļĨุāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢ็āļˆāđāļĨ้āļ§āļŠāļ­āļšāļ™āļģāļ§ิāļ˜ีāļŦāļĢืāļ­āļŠูāļ•āļĢāļ•่āļēāļ‡āđ†āđ€āļ‚้āļēāļĄāļēāļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđ€āļžื่āļ­āđ€āļžิ่āļĄāļˆัāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āđ„āļ”้āļ‡่āļēāļĒ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—ั้āļ‡āđ„āļ”้āđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāļšāļĢāļĢāļĨุāđ€āļ›้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āđ„āļ”้āļĄāļēāļāđ€āļžิ่āļĄāļ‚ึ้āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ„āļĨ็āļ”āļĨัāļšāļŦāļĢืāļ­āļŠูāļ•āļĢāđƒāļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™ี้āļ™ั้āļ™āļĄีāļ™āļēāļ™āļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—ี่āļ„ุāļ“āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļ­āļēāļĄāļēāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒุāļāļ•์āđ„āļ”้ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—ั้āļ‡āļ„ุāļ“āļ็āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļĻึāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļĢู้āļŦāļēāļŠูāļ•āļĢāļāļĨุ่āļĄāļ™ี้āđ„āļ”้āļˆāļēāļāļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์ āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļˆāļ°āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļģāļŠูāļ•āļĢāļ•ัāļ§āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āđ€āļŠ่āļ™āļˆัāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”.āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ—ั้āļ‡āļŊāļĨāļŊ āļŊāļĨāļŊ

āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļĒี่āļĒāļ‡āđ„āļĢāļš้āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢู้āļˆัāļāđ€āļāļĄāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āđāļŦāļĨ่āļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”้āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāļ™ัāļāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļ—ี่āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āļšāļĢāļĢāļĨุāļœāļĨāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢ็āļˆāļĄāļēāļิāļ™āļ‚ึ้āļ™ āļ–้āļēāđ€āļิāļ”āļ„ุāļ“āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĄีāļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”้āļ”ีāđ†āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļ„ุāļ“āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āđ€āļāļĄ Pgslot āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ™ี้āļ—ี่āđ€āļ”ีāļĒāļ§āđƒāļ™āđ‚āļĨāļ

pongtap said...

āđ€āļĄāļ้āļēāđ€āļāļĄ āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ• āđ€āļ§็āļš āļ•āļĢāļ‡ āđ€āļ§็āļšāđ„āļ‹āļ•์āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ• āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ• āļ›ัāļˆāļˆุāļšัāļ™āļ™ี้āđ€āļāļĄ āļ—ี่ āļ”ีāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ” āļœู้āļ„āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļัāļš āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļ āļ–āļ­āļ™ āļัāļ™āđ€āļĒāļ­āļ°āļ—ี่āļŠุāļ” āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļœู้āđƒāļŠ้āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ็āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĢีāļšāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦ้āđ„āļ§āļ—ี่āļŠุāļ” āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ­āļ­āđ‚āļ•้ (AUTO)

maneenajapee@gmail.com said...

To me you are perfect enough.
MM88
MM88Zeed
āļ§ิāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦ์ āļœāļĨ āļšāļ­āļĨ

newin said...

SUPERSLOT āđ€āļ›ิāļ”āđ‚āļĨāļāđāļŦ่āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļ™ัāļ™āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™ุāļ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļšัāļ™āđ€āļ—ิāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ุ้āļĄāļ„่āļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ§āļĄāļัāļ™āļ—ี่āļ™ี่ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„ุāļ“āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”้āļŠัāļĄāļœัāļŠāļัāļšāđ€āļāļĄlāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒ āļĢูāļ›āđāļšāļšāđ€āļāļĄāļ—ี่āđāļ•āļāļ•่āļēāļ‡āļัāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§่āļē 200 āđ‚āļŦāļĄāļ” āļ„āļĨิāļ

superslotgame.net said...

Slot Joker
āđ€āļāļĄ Slot Joker āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļˆāļēāļ āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āđ‚āļˆ๊āļāđ€āļāļ­āļĢ์ āļ—ี่āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”้āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļ—āļģāđ€āļ‡ิāļ™āđƒāļŦ้āļœู้āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļĻāļēāļĨāļ”้āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ—ี่āđ€āļāļĄāļ™ี้āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļ—ี่āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļ‡่āļēāļĒ āļĄāļēāļāđ† āļˆāļ™āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āđƒāļ„āļĢāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ†āļ„āļ™āļŠื่āļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ•ิāļ”āđƒāļˆāđ€āļĄื่āļ­āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļĨ่āļ™

āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢู้āđ€āļšื้āļ­āļ‡āļ•้āļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Slot Joker
āđāļšāļšāļ‡่āļēāļĒāđ† āļŠิ่āļ‡āđāļĢāļāļ—ี่āļˆāļ°āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦ้āļ„ุāļ“āļ—ํāļēāļํāļēāđ„āļĢāđ„āļ”้āļ”ีāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āđ€āļāļĄāļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļĒู่āđƒāļ™āđ€āļāļĄāđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ™āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļšื่āļ­āļ„ืāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨืāļ­āļāđ€āļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļāđ€āļāļĄāļ—ี่āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ”ิāļĄāļžัāļ™ āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āđ€āļāļĄāļĄีāļ‚้āļ­ āļˆํāļēāļัāļ” āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•ัāļ§āđ€āļ­āļ‡

Micael007 said...

Joker123tm Joker123 āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ”ิāļ•āļŸāļĢี āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āđ‚āļˆ๊āļāđ€āļāļ­āļĢ์ āđāļˆāļāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ”ิāļ•āļŸāļĢี āļ—ุāļāļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡ āļœู้āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ„āļ™āļ­āļēāļˆāļˆāļ°āļĒัāļ‡āđ„āļĄ่āļĢู้ āļ§่āļēāļĄีāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ”ิāļ•āļŸāļĢี āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ­āļ­āļ™āđ„āļĨāļ™์

joker123 āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļ—ี่āđāļˆāļāļŦāļ™ัāļāļ—ุāļāđ€āļāļĄ āđāļ•āļāļ—ุāļāļ™āļēāļ—ี


joker slot āļĄāļēāđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™ิāļ„āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨ่āļ™ āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ• āđƒāļ™ 100 āļšāļēāļ— āļĒัāļ‡āđ„āļ‡āđƒāļŦ้āđ„āļ”้āļāļģāđ„āļĢ āļ—āļģāđ„āļ”้āļ”้āļ§āļĒāđ„āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠ้āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđ†āļ§ิāļ˜ีāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļ่āļ­āļ™āđ€āļĨāļĒ āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•āļŸāļĢี joker

santi said...

āļ™ัāļāđ€āļ”ิāļĄāļžัāļ™āđ€āļ‚้āļēāļ–ึāļ‡āđāļŦāļĨ่āļ‡āļ—āļģāđ€āļ‡ิāļ™āđ€āļŦāļĨ่āļēāļ™ี้āđ„āļ”้āļ‡่āļēāļĒ āđ† āļ­āļĒู่āļ—ี่āđ„āļŦāļ™āļ็āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļ„āļēāļŠิāđ‚āļ™āđ„āļ”้āļ—ั้āļ‡āļœ่āļēāļ™āđ€āļ§็āļšāđ€āļšāļĢāļēāļ§์āđ€āļ‹āļ­āļĢ์āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ­āļ›āļžāļĨิāđ€āļ„āļŠั่āļ™ āļāļēāļĢัāļ™āļ•ีāļĢāļēāļĒāđ„āļ”้āļ”ีāļัāļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāđ‚āļĄāļŠั่āļ™āđāļˆāļāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ”ิāļ•āļŸāļĢี 38 āļĒāļ­āļ”āļŪิāļ•āļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļĒ āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦ้āļ™ัāļāđ€āļ”ิāļĄāļžัāļ™āļ—āļģāđ€āļ‡ิāļ™āļัāļšāđ€āļāļĄāļ„āļēāļŠิāđ‚āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ§็āļš 38Net āđ„āļ”้āļ‡่āļēāļĒāļ‚ึ้āļ™ āļŠāļĄัāļ„āļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļŠิāļāđ„āļ”้āđ€āļĨāļĒāļ•āļ­āļ™āļ™ี้āļœ่āļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™้āļēāđ€āļ§็āļšāđ„āļ‹āļ•์ āļŠāļĨ็āļ­āļ•pg āļŦāļĢืāļ­ LINE@ āļžāļĢ้āļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦ้āļšāļĢิāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĨāļ­āļ” 24 āļŠāļĄ.

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